Intellectual capital plays a key role in enhancing the quality of public services, increasing citizen satisfaction, and improving organizational productivity. By strengthening intellectual capital, public organizations can promote service innovation and contribute to sustainable development. However, a review of existing studies indicates the absence of a comprehensive and operational model with clearly defined indicators for managing intellectual capital in Iran’s public service sector. Accordingly, this study aims to identify and examine intellectual capital indicators in the public service sector using a Delphi approach. This applied research adopts a descriptive–survey design. The components of intellectual capital in the public service sector were identified through the Delphi method. Seventeen academic experts with relevant expertise were selected using snowball sampling. Through three rounds of Delphi questionnaires, consensus was reached on the components and factor structure of intellectual capital. As a result, three main dimensions and five sub-dimensions, consisting of 22 categories and 89 codes, were identified and finalized. To evaluate the validity of the proposed model, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was performed using Smart-PLS software. The findings indicate that all variables across the three dimensions—human, structural, and relational capital—were statistically significant, and the model demonstrated an acceptable fit. The results of this study provide a practical framework for assessing the current status, measuring maturity levels, and supporting the development of intellectual capital in public organizations in Iran.